http://www.comportco.com/~w5alt/antennas/notes/ant-notes.php?pg=20
http://www.comportco.com/~w5alt/antennas/notes/ant-notes.php?pg=21
http://www.comportco.com/~w5alt/antennas/notes/ant-notes.php?pg=22
1/4 wave ground-planes are very sensitive to their ground plane and need full 1/4 wavelength for best performance . and the angle of those elements effect the tuning of the antenna .
a 1/2 wave ground plane can be used without any ground elements , examples of this are the antron 99 and the ringo . IMO , i'd still use 1/4 wave ground elements ..... unless there just wasn't room for them .
5/8 wave ground-planes can be used without ground elements too , but typically perform better with them .
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